Why do voice-over artists, producers, podcasters, singers, and other professionals prefer to use condenser microphone? Continue reading to learn about condenser microphones, when you should use them, and situations in which you might benefit more from other microphone options.
How Does a Condenser Microphone Work?
The fundamental process by which all condenser microphones generate an audio signal is the same. They send an alternating electrical signal to the microphone’s output after converting an alternating capacitance.
A capacitor microphone is referred to as a condenser microphone. In order to convert sound vibrations into electrical signals, it makes use of two metal plates known as condensers and an electric field that runs between them.
The process of converting capacitance into an audio signal necessitates the use of numerous components. I’ll go into detail about each part below.
The Components of A Condenser Microphone
A condenser microphone consists of several components, each of which contributes significantly to the sound that is produced. One of the most crucial parts is the diaphragm, which takes in sound, vibrates, and turns it into an electrical signal.
In this process, as well as in how the microphone handles different levels of sound pressure, the backplate and plates that are located behind the diaphragm play an important role. In addition, the microphone’s body contains a variety of electronic circuits that aid in modifying and amplifying the signal before it is sent to your amplifier or recording device.
Capsule
The condenser microphone‘s capsule is actually a collection of parts that should be considered its center. The electrical signals that are sent to the microphone’s output are created by this small piece of equipment.
The mic is referred to as a “condenser” because the capsule is made up of two main components:
• Diaphragm
• Backplate
A condenser microphone’s diaphragm is its most sensitive component. It is connected to a metal coil, which begins to vibrate when sound waves hit it. An electrical current is produced by these vibrations and sent to the microphone’s output.
The microphone’s sound is shaped by the backplate, which also helps to shield the diaphragm from damage. Below, learn more about the backplate!
Additionally, there are numerous capsule varieties, each with its own distinct characteristics.
Backplate
A condenser microphone’s backplate is a static metal plate at the back of the microphone’s diaphragm. When the diaphragm vibrates, it stays still.
The diaphragm’s electric signals are transferred to the output by the backplate. Air pressure varies between the backplate and the capsule when the diaphragm vibrates. The membrane moves closer or farther from the backplate as a result of these variations in air pressure, resulting in capacitance that is converted into an audio signal.
The capacitor’s ground connection is also the responsibility of the backplate. For the microphone’s sound quality to remain consistent, the design is crucial.
By providing a flat surface against which sound waves can be reflected, the plate also contributes to the microphone’s improved sound quality. It also serves as a mounting location for the microphone’s various electronic parts.
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is the membrane of the capsule and is found inside the capsule.
A thin sheet of plastic or metal called the diaphragm sits between the two poles of a capacitor. In order to conduct electricity more effectively, it is typically coated in gold.
The diaphragm vibrates when sound waves hit it, changing the capacitance of the capacitor. The electrical signal that is sent to the microphone’s output is created by this change in capacitance, as previously stated.
When compared to other types of microphones, the diaphragm has some desirable performance characteristics because of its light weight. Condenser microphones have a strong high-frequency response because it responds extremely quickly to rapidly changing sounds (transients).
Impedance Converter
An impedance converter is also used in a condenser microphone. Why? to raise the voltage of the electrical signal that comes from the diaphragm’s vibrations.
The microphone capsule’s low impedance must be converted to the output connector’s high impedance by default.
A small electronic circuit board inside the microphone’s body is the impedance converter. On some models, it is visible, but it is usually not.
Condenser vs. Dynamic Microphones
In home studio setups, condenser and dynamic microphones are the most common types. Each has advantages and disadvantages, which is why they are utilized in different ways.
Higher frequencies and greater detail can typically be captured better with a condenser microphone. They can also pick up more ambient sounds because they are typically more sensitive than dynamic microphones.
Dynamic microphones, on the other hand, are better for live performances because they tend to pick up less background noise. They can also handle higher levels of sound pressure without breaking the capsule or causing distortion.
Condenser microphones are more expensive than dynamic microphones, but the extra cost is well worth it. Condenser microphones are the best choice for recording vocals, ambient sounds, and acoustic instruments because of their improved frequency response and increased sensitivity.
Types of Condenser Microphones
including small diaphragm and large diaphragm models. Each of them has particular qualities that make them better suited to particular applications.
Both kinds of condensers can be used in the same way because there are no set rules. Nevertheless, there are some circumstances in which a mic with a large diaphragm may be preferred to one with a small one, and vice versa.
For instance, transients are typically better captured by small diaphragm microphones, which are typically more accurate. As a result, they work well with orchestral instruments like strings and horns as well as drums.
When Should You Use a Condenser Microphone With A Large Diaphragm?
Condenser microphone with a large diaphragm Most of the time, microphones with a large diaphragm color the sound with harmonic distortions. The sound is made more full and rich by this colorization. Additionally, the larger diaphragm better captures low frequencies, making it suitable for vocal, piano, and bass instruments.
They have a wider frequency response than small diaphragm microphones. Because of this, they work well with sound sources that have a lot of low-end frequencies.
While small-diaphragm condenser microphones typically offer superior sound quality, large-diaphragm microphones typically cost more. They can also be more sensitive to noise, so use them with care when there is a lot of ambient noise or loud music.
For Vocals
Skilled sound engineers make use of a variety of different microphones. Large diaphragm condenser microphones are by far the most commonly used type of microphone for vocal recordings, although dynamic or ribbon microphones are also viable options.
Why? Small diaphragm condenser microphones may result in a thin recording, whereas large diaphragm condenser microphones are better at capturing low-end frequencies.
However, that is not the only factor. Additionally, large-diaphragm microphones have a better noise performance, resulting in a cleaner recording. In the post-production process, it is difficult to remove noise without omitting high frequencies from the vocal performance.
Solo Acoustic Guitar
Solo Acoustic Guitar In addition to vocals, large-diaphragm microphones are preferred when recording solo instruments. The sound is vibrant, full, and alive because of the vibrations generated by the larger diaphragm. If you use a small diaphragm microphone to record an acoustic guitar by itself, you might get a recording of the guitar that is dull and thin.
Additionally, large-diaphragm microphones are renowned for enriching the sound with a little color. Even though some recording engineers prefer a sound that sounds more natural, I prefer solo instruments to sound bigger because of the coloring.
Acoustic Bass, Bass Guitar, Saxophones, Trumpet, Piano
Acoustic bass guitars all have one thing in common: they all have low-end frequencies. The same can be said for bass guitars. Large-diaphragm microphones are therefore preferred. When compared to microphones with smaller diaphragms, those with larger diaphragms are capable of producing heavier vibrations at lower frequencies.
When to Use a Small Diaphragm Condenser Microphone?
Acoustic Guitars
Small diaphragm condenser microphones are ideal for recording acoustic guitars that are not solo but are part of a larger composition.
The guitar strumming will be heard more clearly because small-diaphragm microphones are better at picking up transient sounds and have better transient responses.
Actually, mixing engineers frequently mix acoustic guitars so that the pick attack is louder than the actual notes in contemporary pop music. When guitars are only a small part of the performance rather than the entire thing, this is preferred.
Additionally, acoustic guitars may sometimes prefer instruments with a smaller diaphragm because of its better sound reproduction. Large diaphragm microphones, as previously stated, alter the sound.
Piano
There are seven octaves in a full-size piano, ranging from the lowest lows to the highest highs. Because it is such a large and varied instrument, a microphone that is able to evenly capture all frequencies is required.
Microphones with small diaphragms are much better at capturing nuances and are much more accurate.
The significantly smaller pen-shaped size is yet another major advantage. When recording an acoustic piano, multiple microphones are frequently required. This makes it much simpler to position mics with small diaphragms around the piano. Additionally, because they capture sound from above rather than below, it is simpler to point them directly over the piano’s strings.
Orchestral Instruments (Strings, Brass, Ensemble, Choirs, Bass)
In classical music, where authenticity is highly prized, orchestral instruments like strings, brass, choirs, and upright basses are frequently used. When they listen to classical music, they want to hear the sound as it is, without any coloration. Small-diaphragm microphones are therefore preferred.
Drums
small-diaphragm condensers are the best choice due to their superior transient response. The sound, whether it’s a kick, snare, hi-hat, or tom, is very explosive and has lots of strong transients.
Simply ensure that the microphone you intend to use can withstand the drum set’s high sound pressure levels. Drums require particular condenser microphones that are capable of handling these loud hits without damaging the capsule and still producing clear recordings.
Essential Things to Consider About Condenser Microphones
Sensitivity
When using a condenser microphone, keep in mind that it is extremely sensitive to sound and movement. They should always be used on a surface that is stable, or mounted on a boom arm or mic stand. When recording vocals, it is essential to use a pop filter to prevent the singer’s plosives from entering the microphone.
Phantom Power Is Require
In contrast to dynamic microphones, condensers require phantom power to operate. When purchasing a condenser microphone, this is an additional piece of equipment that should be taken into consideration.
An audio mixer, audio interface, or preamplifier typically displays 48-volt phantom power. The circuitry of the condenser microphone receives voltage from the phantom power, which then powers the microphone’s transducer.
Additionally, the microphone’s circuitry receives current from the phantom power, which is required to bias the microphone’s capacitors.
Limit To The Maximum Signal Level
Condenser microphones can also be irreparably damaged if the signal level is excessively high (sound is too loud). When recording a kick drum or snare, use a specific microphone designed to handle that level and pressure of sound.
A condenser microphone can also be damaged over time by air bursts from plosive sounds. Make sure to use a pop filter to keep your microphone from getting worse over time from hearing plosive sounds.
Condenser Microphones Have Self-Noise
If you compare recordings made with dynamic and condenser microphones, there is a good chance that the condenser has much more noise. This is due to the fact that a condenser microphone has internal noise floor, also known as “self-noise.” A condenser microphone’s electronic circuitry is the cause of this inherent noise, or “hiss.”
A condenser microphone with a very low noise floor costs a lot to make, design, and develop. As a result, models that are less expensive typically have a higher noise floor, sometimes reaching 30 dB SPL-Al.
Conclusion
Condenser microphones are a necessity for every producer’s toolbox. Check the noise floor specifications of inexpensive condenser microphones and try to locate one with a noise floor below 10 dB SPL-A. This is especially true when recording vocals, acoustic instruments, drums, or other sounds that must be clearly captured.
They generally cost more than dynamic mics, but their recordings have a much wider frequency response and more detail. Additionally, the electronic circuitry within cheaper condensers generates a higher internal noise floor.
However, before purchasing a condenser microphone, you should take into account a few drawbacks. If you intend to record instruments, ensure that you have access to a quiet recording environment because they are extremely sensitive to noise.
Additionally, they require phantom power to boost the low output signal, so simply purchasing a condenser microphone is not sufficient. Audio interfaces, preamplifiers, and mixers all have the ability to activate phantom power.